Rosacea (pronounced “roh-ZAY-sha”) is a long-term skin condition that mainly affects the central face. It often comes and goes in flare-ups, causing redness and inflammation. Most people notice symptoms after age 30, such as flushing or redness on the cheeks, nose, forehead, or chin. Over time, redness can become more intense and persistent, sometimes accompanied by visible blood vessels. If untreated, bumps and pimples may appear, and in severe cases—especially in men—the nose can become swollen and bumpy. Up to half of those affected may experience eye symptoms like irritation or redness.
The exact cause remains unclear, but recent research points to a combination of nervous system and immune system dysfunctions triggering inflammation and redness. Abnormalities in skin microbes, especially an increase in the microscopic mite Demodex folliculorum, and certain genetic factors may contribute. Rosacea may also be linked to systemic inflammation, potentially increasing risks for heart, digestive, neurological, and autoimmune diseases.
Rosacea can affect anyone but is most common in fair-skinned individuals who blush easily. While women are diagnosed more often, men usually experience more severe symptoms. The condition may also run in families and is frequently seen in people of northern or eastern European descent.